What is Adjusted EBITDA?
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure of operating profitability determined by discretionary add-backs dictated by a company’s management team. While add-backs EBITDA are nowadays broadly accepted—such as restructuring fees and one-time litigation settlements—there is much criticism surrounding the proper treatment of certain items such as stock-based compensation.
How to Calculate Adjusted EBITDA
Companies are required to file financial statements in accordance with accrual accounting rules that are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
GAAP gives you some leeway about which expenses you can capitalize (like PP&E) and which you expense (like advertising expenses), but for the most part, you are bound to a rigid set of rules for presenting financial statements. The problem with this rigidity is that accrual accounting has its shortcomings.
For example, two identical companies might show vastly different net incomes simply because the depreciation & amortization (D&A) expense (an expense that reduces net income) is estimated in different ways: Say the first company assigned a 10-year useful life to its assets while the other assigned 20 years – the 20-year assumption would lead to a higher net income figure.
Since the two companies are identical, and it is simply a management assumption that is distorting the net income line, many analysts adjust net income to ignore expenses like D&A that distort the picture of “true” profitability.
These adjustments are called “non-GAAP” adjustments, and they are supposed to cure certain issues accrual accounting presents.
The most common “non-GAAP” metric of profitability is EBITDA (pronounced “ee-bit-duh”). It used to simply mean “earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation & amortization.”
The idea was to give analysts a way to compare across companies irrespective of leverage (hence the removal of interest expense), taxes (where various deductions and different jurisdictions can distort seeing “core operating performance”), and D&A.
When used correctly, EBITDA as a measure of profits has some real benefits. But it also has several drawbacks and is often misused. And that’s before analysts started shoving even more adjustments into it, like stock based compensation, gains and losses, etc.
Adjusted EBITDA Formula
The formula to calculate adjusted EBITDA is equal to the sum of EBIT, D&A and other discretionary adjustments to normalize EBITDA.
Where:
- EBIT = Gross Profit – Operating Expenses
- D&A = Depreciation + Amortization
There is no standardized method to compute adjusted EBITDA. Hence, the necessity to confirm that each adjustment by management is reasonable.
Adjusted EBITDA: Examples of Normalization Adjustments
No universal standard applies to EBITDA since it is non-GAAP.
Companies love using it because they can publish “adjusted EBITDA” figures that remove a variety of expenses from net income, distracting analysts from ugly net income figures and instead focusing on beautiful, consistent, and growing adjusted EBITDA results.
Source: AEP Inc. Q3 2015 10-Q
And for some, like Hedge Fund billionaire Dan Loeb, it has gotten to the point where the cure is worse than disease.
Why Does Adjusted EBITDA Matter?
At the end of the day, companies aren’t hiding anything – the net income and adjustment detail is all there – these disclosures are just supplements to GAAP results.
So what’s the big deal? It turns out that many financial analysts often just accept this data without sufficient scrutiny.
For example, investment bankers generally take a company’s financial disclosures at face value.
When investment bankers present valuation summaries to clients in pitch books and fairness opinions, the EBITDA used is almost always exactly what the company said it was.
Sell side equity research analysts are a little more skeptical of the numbers (they are, after all, paid to make correct calls about stock performance), but typically accept the EBITDA that the company provides and argue for perhaps a slightly lower multiple / valuation because the company has lower “earnings quality.”
Lastly, investors – the people who actually put their money where their mouth is, should be the ones who are really skeptical, and for better or worse, many (but not all) still regularly rely on company disclosures for screening opportunities and when performing comps analysis.
Adjusted EBITDA Calculator
We’ll now move to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.
Adjusted EBITDA Calculation Example
Suppose you’re tasked with calculating the normalized EBITDA of a company in fiscal year ending 2023.
Income Statement — Financial Data 2023A
- Revenue = $85 million
- Less: COGS = (40 million)
- Gross Profit = $45 million
- Less: SG&A = (25 million)
- Less: R&D = (10 million)
- EBIT = $10 million
- Less: Interest = (4 million)
- EBT = $6 million
- Taxes @ 25.0% = (2 million)
- Net Income = $5 million
With the assumption laid out, we’ll now reconcile net income until we reach our company’s adjusted EBITDA.
Starting from net income, we’ll add taxes, interest expense, and non-recurring items.
- D&A = $10 million
- Litigation Fees = $10 million
- Restructuring Costs = $20 million
In closing, we arrive at an adjusted EBITDA of $50 million, which is $45 million greater than the GAAP-reported net income. Hence, the criticism surrounding the adjusted EBITDA metric and the discretionary adjustments applied by management.
- Adjusted EBITDA = $5 million + $2 million + $4 million + $10 million + $10 million + 20 million = $50 million
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