Loan to Cost Ratio (LTC)

What is a Good Loan to Cost Ratio?

The maximum loan to cost ratio (LTC) requirement is specific to a given lender and can be affected by external factors, such as the current interest rate environment, the supply/demand conditions in the real estate market, and economic outlook.

Generally, the maximum loan to cost ratio (LTC) requirement set by lenders in the commercial real estate market (CRE) is between 80% to 90%.

Therefore, borrowers must fulfill a 10% to 20% down payment – i.e. equity contribution – as part of the financing agreement.

Most institutional real estate lenders also set a constraint on the maximum LTV ratio, which tends to be around 70% to 80%. The lower LTV ratio requirement range reaffirms the notion that lenders in pursuit of higher yields prefer to utilize the LTV ratio in their underwriting analysis more than risk-averse, conservative lenders.

A higher loan to cost ratio (LTC) implies greater risk because the borrower has contributed less equity in the total financing of the project (and vice versa for lower ratios).

The lower the borrower’s equity contribution (i.e. less “skin in the game”), the higher the likelihood that the lender will not approve the financing because of the disproportionate allocation of risk placed on the lender.

Loan to Cost (LTC) vs. Loan to Value Ratio (LTV): What is the Difference?

In the real estate underwriting process, the loan to cost (LTC) and loan to value (LTV) are complementary financial ratios that each provide practical insights around debt sizing.

• Loan to Cost Ratio (LTC) → The loan to cost ratio (LTC) is more often used in the context of real estate development properties and similar projects with substantial up-front costs on the initial purchase date. If the financing arrangement relies more on the LTC ratio, the lender is willing to provide the loan as a percentage of the real estate property’s total purchase price, including renovation and repair costs.
• Loan to Value Ratio (LTV) → The loan to value ratio (LTV) is the ratio between the total loan amount and the fair market value (FMV) of the project, i.e. the underlying real estate asset, after completion. The usage of the LTV ratio tends to be more common for existing rental properties and stabilized real estate projects, i.e. the property investment is functional with renovations, repairs and other improvements are complete. If the financing arrangement relies more on the LTV ratio rather than the LTC ratio, then the lender is willing to provide the loan as a percentage of the underlying real estate property’s fair value.

With that said, real estate financing arrangements where the loan to cost ratio (LTC) is the main determinant of the loan size and terms are perceived to be more lenient (and favorable) to the borrower.

However, the LTC ratio is also viewed as riskier transactions to the lender because of the increased reliance on leverage.

• Development Projects (Construction): For construction projects or real estate property investments with substantial rehabilitation or development work, the LTC ratio is better suited under such circumstances since the total development costs, such as construction costs, are considered.
• Real Estate Acquisitions (Stabilization): On the other hand, the LTV ratio is viewed as a more reliable measure of risk for real estate acquisitions because the fair market value (FMV) of the property is improbable to deviate substantially from original purchase price. Of course, there are exceptions where that rule does not apply.

The decision to use the loan to cost ratio (LTC) or loan to value ratio (LTV) in the underwriting process is not mutually exclusive. But rather, the two ratios can each be used to set parameters on the loan sizing based on the estimated risk tied to the project.

Loan to Cost Ratio Calculator (LTC) — Excel Template

We’ll now move on to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.

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1. Commercial Real Estate Property Assumptions (CRE)

Suppose a commercial mortgage lender is performing diligence as part of the underwriting process on a real estate developer’s request for a loan to fund a long-term construction project.

The total property acquisition cost – inclusive of the land purchase price and transaction closing fees – is estimated to be $2 million.

• Property Acquisition Price = $2 million

The other components of the development cost are as follows.

• Hard Costs = $20 million
• Soft Costs = $3 million
• Total Operating Expenses = $2 million

The sum of the four costs amounts to $27 million, which represents the total development costs of the construction project.

• Total Development Costs = $2 million + $20 million + $3 million + $2 million = $27 million

Since we’ve determined the total capital required ($27 million), the next step is to make an assumption for our lender’s maximum loan to cost ratio (LTC), which we’ll set at 80%.

• Maximum LTC Ratio (%) = 80.0%

After multiplying the total development costs by the maximum LTC ratio, the maximum loan amount is implied to be $21.6 million.

Note: The total development costs neglect financing costs, such as the upfront loan origination fee, so our total development cost figure is on an unlevered basis.

2. Loan to Cost Ratio (LTC) Calculation Example

In the next section, we’ll start by confirming the loan to cost ratio (%) is in fact 80%.

Upon inputting our total loan and total development costs into the loan to cost ratio formula, we arrive at an LTC ratio of 80%.

• Loan to Cost Ratio (LTC) = $21.6 million ÷ $27 million = 80.0%

The $21.6 million is the maximum loan size, at which the lender can maintain an LTC ratio below 80%.

From there, we’ll subtract our loan to cost ratio (LTC) of 80% from one to determine the required equity contribution in percentage form.

• Required Equity Contribution (%) = 1 – 80% = 20%

The 20% equity interest is then multiplied by the total development costs to quantify the equity contribution from the real estate developer in dollar terms, which comes out to $5.4 million.

• Equity Contribution = 20% × $27 million = $5.4 million
• Total Sources of Capital = $21.6 million (Debt) + $5.4 million (Equity) = $27 million